Spatial Distribution Pattern of Medicinal Plant Resources in Gansu Province and Driving Factors / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo clarify the spatial distribution characteristics of medicinal plant resources in Gansu province， analyze the causes， changing trends， and driving factors of the spatial differentiation， and thus lay a scientific basis for the rational development and sustainable development of medicinal plant resources in this province. MethodBased on the data of The Fourth National Survey of Chinese Medicine Resources， the richness and spatial distribution difference of medicinal plant resources in 87 counties （districts） of Gansu province were analyzed via the global spatial autocorrelation analysis， trend surface analysis， local spatial autocorrelation analysis， and hotspot analysis. Moreover， the correlation of vegetation type， soil texture， annual average temperature， annual average precipitation， and altitude with the spatial distribution pattern of the medicinal plant resources was discussed. ResultCounties （districts） with high or low richness of medicinal plant resources in Gansu province were respectively clustered together. To be specific， counties （districts） with high richness of the medicinal resources were mainly in southeastern Gansu， while those with low richness in northwestern Gansu. The leading driving factors affecting the cold and hot spots included vegetation type， soil texture， and average annual rainfall. ConclusionThe species richness of medicinal plant resources in Gansu province rises from west to east and from north to south. The natural driving factors are the key to the diversity and spatial distribution pattern of medicinal plant resources， which show significant influence on them.

Financial burden and financial aid for medical students in Singapore: a national survey across all three medical schools

INTRODUCTION@#Singapore has had three medical schools since 2013. We undertook a cross-sectional quantitative national survey to determine the financial impact of medical education on medical students in Singapore.@*METHODS@#All 1,829 medical students in Singapore were invited to participate in this study. Information on demographics, financial aid utilisation and outside work was collected and analysed.@*RESULTS@#1,241 (67.9%) of 1,829 students participated in the survey. While the overall proportion of students from households with monthly incomes < SGD 3,000 was only 21.2% compared to the national figure of 31.4%, 85.4% of medical students expected to graduate with debts > SGD 75,000. There were significant differences in per capita incomes among the schools, with 54.5%, 23.3% and 7.8% of Duke-NUS Medical School (Duke-NUS), NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (NUS Medicine) and Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKCMedicine) students, respectively, reporting a per capita income of < SGD 1,000 (p < 0.001). There were significant differences in financial support: 75.0%, 34.1% and 38.8% of Duke-NUS, NUS Medicine and LKCMedicine students, respectively, received financial aid (p < 0.001). The top reasons for not applying for aid included a troublesome application process (21.4%) and the perception that it would be too difficult to obtain (21.0%).@*CONCLUSION@#Students in the three medical schools in Singapore differ in their financial needs and levels of financial support received. A national approach to funding medical education may be needed to ensure that financial burdens do not hamper the optimal training of doctors for Singapore's future.

Malnutrition in Relation with Dietary, Geographical, and Socioeconomic Factors among Older Chinese / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#Nutrition is closely related to the health of the elderly population. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive picture of the nutrition status of elderly Chinese and its related dietary, geographical, and socioeconomic factors.@*Methods@#A total of 13,987 ≥ 60-year-old persons from the 2010-2013 Chinese National Nutrition and Health Survey were included to evaluate various aspects of malnutrition, including underweight, overweight or obesity, and micronutrient inadequacy.@*Results@#Overall, the prevalence of obesity, overweight, and underweight was 12.4%, 34.8%, and 5.7%, respectively, with disparities both geographically and socioeconomically. The prevalence of underweight was higher among the older old (≥ 75 years), rural residents and those with low income, with low education status, and residing in undeveloped West areas. More than 75% of the elderly do not meet the Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamins A, B @*Conclusions@#Obesity epidemic, inadequacy of micronutrient intake, and high prevalence of underweight and anemia in susceptible older people are the major nutrition challenges for the rapidly aging population in China.

Factors associated with self-reported exposure to chemical substances at work in Brazil: results from the National Health Survey, 2013 / Exposição a agentes químicos no trabalho no Brasil: resultados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence of self-reported exposure to chemical substances at work and its associated factors in a sample of Brazilian adults that participated in the National Health Survey, conducted between 2013 and 2014. METHODS Our sample consisted of adults aged 18 years or older that answered question E1 of module E: "In the week of July 21-27, 2013 (reference week), did you work as regular employee or intern for at least an hour in any activity paid with cash?" Sociodemographic data, situation and health behaviors were analyzed with single and multivariate binary logistic regression. The model was adjusted by the variables of all groups, adopting a 5% significance level. The values of odds ratio (OR) and respective confidence intervals were obtained. RESULTS Women (OR = 0.74; 95%CI 0.66-0.82) had a lower chance of exposure to chemicals. The highest chances were observed in groups with no instruction or that attended up to middle-school (OR = 1.77; 95%CI 1.50-2.08), high school (OR = 1.62; 95%CI 1.37-1.91), age between 25 and 54 years (OR = 1.26; 95%CI 1.07-1.48), current smokers (OR = 1.21; 95%CI 1.07-1.37), who reported tiredness (OR = 1.35; 95%CI 1.21-1.50), hearing difficulties (OR = 1.24; 95%CI 1.04-1.48) and who reported having suffered an accident at work (OR = 2.00; 95%CI 1.57-2.54). CONCLUSIONS The unprecedented results cover the entire workforce. Positive associations with hearing loss, smoking and history of work accidents are consistent, as well as the inverse association with education level and gender differences. The absence of association with asthma was surprising. To fill gaps in investigations on chronic non-communicable diseases, we suggested improving the PNS collection instrument in the occupational dimension.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever os fatores associados e a prevalência de exposição autorrelatada a substâncias químicas no trabalho em uma amostra de adultos brasileiros que participaram da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, realizada entre 2013 e 2014. MÉTODOS A amostra para análise da exposição foi constituída por trabalhadores com 18 anos ou mais de idade que responderam à questão E1 do módulo E: "Na semana de 21 a 27 de julho de 2013 (semana de referência), você trabalhou ou estagiou, durante pelo menos uma hora, em alguma atividade remunerada em dinheiro?" Os dados sociodemográficos, situação e comportamentos de saúde foram analisados com regressão logística binária uni e multivariada. O modelo foi ajustado pelas variáveis de todos os blocos, adotando-se o nível de significância de 5%. Obtiveram-se os valores de odds ratio (OR) e respectivos intervalos de confiança. RESULTADOS Mulheres (OR = 0,74; IC95% 0,66-0,82) tiveram menor chance de exposição a substâncias químicas. As maiores chances foram observadas nos grupos com nível fundamental de instrução ou sem instrução (OR = 1,77; IC95% 1,50-2,08), nível médio de instrução (OR = 1,62; IC95% 1,37-1,91), idade entre 25 e 54 anos (OR = 1,26; IC95% 1,07-1,48), fumantes atuais (OR = 1,21; IC95% 1,07-1,37), com problemas de cansaço (OR = 1,35; IC95% 1,21-1,50), com dificuldade auditiva (OR = 1,24; IC95% 1,04-1,48) e que relataram ter sofrido acidente de trabalho (OR = 2,00; IC95% 1,57-2,54). CONCLUSÕES Os resultados inéditos abrangem o conjunto da força de trabalho. Associações positivas com cansaço, dificuldade auditiva, acidentes de trabalho e tabagismo, assim como a associação inversa com o nível de escolaridade, além das diferenças de gênero, são consistentes. A ausência de associação com asma foi surpreendente. A fim de preencher lacunas nas investigações sobre doenças crônicas não transmissíveis em adultos, sugere-se aperfeiçoar o instrumento da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde na dimensão ocupacional.

Factor Structure of Attitudes Toward Suicide (ATTS) of Adults: Based on a Nationwide Survey in South Korea

OBJECTIVES: Suicide is a complex phenomenon not only caused by the individual's mental illness and economic situation, but also occurred in sociocultural contexts and relationships around the individual. Therefore, the attitudes, which include collective norms, thoughts and feelings of a population, toward suicide play a fundamental role in the prevention of suicide. Factor structure of Attitudes Toward Suicide (ATTS), developed by Renberg, is also various in different sociocultural contexts. This is the first study to investigate factor structure of ATTS along with nationwide sample of Korean adults.METHODS: This study analyzed the factor structure and reliability of ATTS in 1500 regionally stratified Korean adults. Exploratory factor analysis was performed by using principal axis factoring and varimax rotation.RESULTS: The selection of 33 ATTS items based on internal consistency and communality was conducted. Five factors were analyzed, which were named ‘Good reason,’ ‘Negative gaze,’ ‘Predictability,’ ‘Means of escape,’ and ‘Common secret,’ respectively. Explained total variance was 41.94%, and the internal consistency ranged from 0.516 to 0.740.CONCLUSIONS: Each of the five factors contains different semantic dimensions. Consistent with previous studies, factors containing permissive attitude toward suicide was high in those with history of suicidal thought and of suicide attempt. It is notable that the ‘Good reason’ showed higher score in elderly. This may be related to socioeconomic or physical adversities which have been considered the major cause of suicide in elderly.

Critical Thinking (CT) of Nursing College Students Before and After Practical Training: / 医学教育

Abstract:Introduction: The purpose of this research is to measure the critical thinking (CT) skills of nursing college students before and after practical training, and examine whether situational factors such as purpose and context can affect judgments related to CT.Methods: We distributed 795 nursing students an anonymous self-administered questionnaire using the scale to assess the CT and free description type questions. The collected data was analyzed using statistical analysis and text mining analysis.Results: The effective response rate was 22.01% (n=175) before training and 22.26% (n=177) after practical training. The average score of the CT scale was 163.70±17.68 before training and 171.21±19.03 after practical training. Five categories were extracted from the open-ended questions and identified as situations in which CT in used in practical training.Discussion: The average score of the CT scale rose with practical training experience. The existence of the practical training experience have affected the total score of the CT scale.

Evolución de la inseguridad alimentaria en los hogares mexicanos: 2012-2016 / Evolution of food insecurity in Mexican households: 2012-2016

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir tres aspectos importantes de la inseguridad alimentaria (IA) en México: la magnitud y distribución de acuerdo con características de vulnerabilidad social, su evolución entre 2012 y 2016 y el efecto de los programas sociales de ayuda alimentaria en la IA de los hogares mexicanos. Material y métodos: Se incluyó información de 40 809 y 9 019 hogares provenientes de la Ensanut 2012 y 2016, respectivamente. Se realizó un análisis de diferencias en diferencias para medir el efecto de los programas de ayuda alimentaria en la evolución de la IA. Resultados: El 69.5% de los hogares se clasificó en IA. Los más afectados por la IA fueron hogares más pobres (85.8%) y de áreas rurales (78.0%). En el periodo 2012-2016, la prevalencia de IA moderada y severa disminuyó en hogares con apoyo de programas de ayuda alimentaria. Conclusión: Los resultados presentados son una herramienta para mejorar el diseño y focalización de políticas públicas y fortalecer la gobernanza de la seguridad alimentaria en México.

Abstract: Objective: To describe three relevant aspects of household food insecurity (FI) in Mexico: its magnitude, its distribution by social and nutritional vulnerability characteristics; its evolution between 2012 and 2016 and the effect of food assistance programs on FI in Mexican households. Materials and methods: Data on 9 019 households were drawn from the 2016 National Health and Nutrition Survey (Ensanut 2016 for its Spanish initials) and were compared with data from the 2012 Ensanut. An analysis of differences in differences was made to measure the effect of food assistance programs on the evolution of FI. Results: As many as 69.5% of households were classified as FI. Families located in rural areas (78.0%) and residing in southern Mexico (76.3%). Households with support from a food assistance program experienced a decrease in moderate and severe FI between 2012 and 2016. Conclusion: Findings can be used to design and target public policies seeking to improve food security governance in Mexico.

Feature Analysis of Burn Patients in Korea Using National Health Insurance Database

PURPOSE: Investigating epidemiological features of burn victims from a national frame has not been attempted recently. METHODS: South Korean National Health Insurance System (NHIS) provides a vast array of feature data on common diseases. A database search from January 2013 to December 2017 was undertaken with disease codes related to burn injuries and burn dressing procedures. After data cleaning, feature analysis was done with final dataset of 1,800 records. RESULTS: Demographic analysis showed gender preference to woman by 6:4. Age distribution showed bimodal peaks at 0~9 years and 40~60 years. Burns to the lower extremity seemed to increase with burn depth. Marked decrease in duration of hospitalization for first- and second-degree burns were noted over five years. CONCLUSION: Incidence to age analysis showed bimodal peaks in pediatric (age 0~9) and middle-aged (age 40~60) individuals. A decreasing trend towards shorter hospitalization is noted in mild to moderate burns. Further attention is needed to prevent third-degree burns to the elderly.

Las precarias condiciones de alimentación de los venezolanos: encuesta nacional de condiciones de vida 2017 / The precarious food conditions of venezuelans: national survey of standard living conditions 2017

En la Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida (ENCOVI 2017), las características de la alimentación se obtienen mediante los patrones de compra de alimentos de los distintos grupos de la población según niveles de pobreza, y a través de la identificación de la severidad de la inseguridad alimentaria, los hábitos de alimentación dentro y fuera del hogar y las implicaciones que ellos tienen sobre el bienestar de los adultos. En 2017 continua la tendencia regresiva en la compra semanal de alimentos, esta se concentra en cereales 31,3% (arroz, harina de maíz, pan y pasta), tubérculos 9,3%, disminuyen carnes, pollo, leche, huevos, hortalizas y frutas y aumentan tubérculos (yuca) y leguminosas. Se reporta insuficiencia de alimentos y de ingresos (70%), inseguridad alimentaria (80%), presente en estos hogares, donde, la mitad no son pobres y su nivel educativo es medio y alto (empobrecimiento de la clase media), 27% de los entrevistados hacen dos o menos comidas diarias para unos 8,1 millones de personas en situación de hambre. La alimentación ha perdido cantidad y variedad, se ha transformado en una dieta anémica, debido a la ausencia de alimentos fuentes de hierro, zinc, vitamina A, complejo B y otros micronutrientes. En la Venezuela del Siglo XXI, 6 de cada 10 venezolanos perdieron aproximadamente 11 kg de peso en el último año por hambre. En los hogares pobres con inseguridad alimentaria habitan grupos vulnerables niños y mujeres en edad fértil, con grandes carencias alimentarias, de salud, de agua potable y vivienda. que limita los años de vida y compromete el desarrollo. Sin alimentación y sin salud, el desarrollo es imposible(AU)

The characteristics of the diet reported by the National Survey of Standard Living Conditions (ENCOVI 2017), are obtained through the food purchase patterns of the different groups of the population according to poverty levels, and through the identification of the severity level of the food insecurity, eating habits inside and outside the households and the implications that they have on the well-being of adults. In 2017 the regressive trend continues in the weekly purchase of food, which was concentrated in cereals 31.3% (rice, corn flour, bread and pasta), tubers 9.3%, and with a reduction in beef, chicken, milk, eggs, vegetables and fruits and showed an increase in tubers (yucca) and legumes. This study reports insufficient food and income (70%), and food insecurity (80%), present in these households, where half are not poor and their educational level is medium and high (meaning an impoverishment of the middle class), 27% of the interviewees make two or less daily meals, about 8.1 million people in situations of hunger. Food has lost quantity and variety, and has been transformed into an anemic diet, due to the absence of food sources of iron, zinc, vitamin A, B complex and other micronutrients. In the Venezuela of the XXI Century, 6 out of 10 Venezuelans lost approximately 11 kg of weight during the last year due to hunger. Within households with low and very low levels of food security are living vulnerable groups of children, women and men of childbearing age, with severe deficiencies in food, health, access to drinking water and vulnerable housing settings that limit the years of life and compromise the development. Without adequate food and without health, development is unreachable(AU)

Estudio venezolano de nutrición y salud: consumo de energía y nutrientes. Grupo del estudio latinoamericano de nutrición y salud / The venezuelan study of nutrition and health: energy and nutrients intake. Latin american study of nutrition and health study group

La información del consumo de alimentos y bebidas en la población venezolana es indispensable para identificar problemas nutricionales y grupos en riesgo, por edad, áreas geográficas y niveles socioeconómicos. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las características de la ingesta promedio de alimentos en la población entre 15 y 65 años en Venezuela durante el año 2015. Se realizó un estudio transversal en 1132 sujetos, a quienes se les aplicó 2 recordatorios de 24 horas, no consecutivos con la metodología de pasos múltiples, y un cuestionario de frecuencia cualitativa sobre la ingesta de bebidas. El consumo promedio de calorías fue de 1.925 kcal, distribuidas en: 16,3% proteínas, 30,2% grasas, 52,4% carbohidratos y 1,1% alcohol. El 79,2% de la muestra presenta una dieta habitual inadecuada por déficit en calorías. La deficiencia en minerales fue mayor en mujeres, calcio (92,9%), hierro (42,2%) y zinc (76,6%). La mayoría de los encuestados realizaron 3 comidas al día. El almuerzo fue la comida que predominó en la ingesta diaria, seguida en orden decreciente por desayuno y cena. Las bebidas azucaradas jugos de frutas y gaseosas son una importante fuente de carbohidratos simples. El estudio EVANS 2015 muestra una caída importante en el consumo de macro y micronutrientes, en especial en los estratos sociales y niveles educativos más bajos y en los adultos mayores, que es diferente por regiones, lo cual está generando en sectores vulnerables un estado nutricional y de salud deficiente, con el aumento consecuente de las enfermedades por déficit de calorías y nutrientes(AU)

Obtaining reliable information on food and beverage consumption in Venezuelan population is imperative for identifying nutritional problems and groups of populations at risk. The objective of this study was to analyze average intake of foods on population between 15 and 65 years in Venezuela during 2015. A cross sectional study was carried out in a sample of 1132 subjects, to which two nonconsecutives 24h recalls were applied using the multiple pass methodology, also a food frequency questionnaire for beverage intake was performed. This study reported an average caloric intake of 1925 kcal, distributed as follows: 16.3% of proteins, 30.2% of fats and 52.4% of carbohydrates and 1.1% of alcohol. 79.2% of the sample showed an inadequate caloric intake. Mineral deficiency was higher in women, calcium (92.9%), iron (42.2%) and zinc (76.6%). The majority of the subjects had 3 meals per day during the days of the interviews. Lunch was the predominant meal on daily intake, followed by breakfast and dinner. Sugary sweetened beverages appeared as an important source of simple carbohydrates. EVANS intake study reported a relevant decrease on the intake of macro and micro nutrients, particularly within lower socioeconomic status and education levels, as well as in older adults, which eventually could lead to an impaired nutrition and health status, with an increase of diseases associated to caloric and nutrients deficit(AU)

La alimentación de los venezolanos: encuesta nacional de condiciones de vida 2016 / The food of venezuelans: national survey of living conditions 2016

La Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida (ENCOVI) en su tercera edición, es una contribución de las Universidades Católica Andrés Bello, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Universidad Central de Venezuela y Fundación Bengoa, para obtener información sobre algunas variables relacionadas con el bienestar de los venezolanos. En 6413 hogares en ciudades grandes incluyendo Caracas y las principales del interior del país, ciudades medianas, pequeñas y caseríos, se investiga la composición de la canasta semanal de alimentos y patrón de alimentación según Línea de Pobreza, hábitos alimentarios, hábitos de vida, enfermedades relacionadas y variación del peso. La harina de maíz, arroz y trigo representan 30 % del total de la compra semanal. Entre los diez primeros alimentos que adquieren se encuentran hortalizas (63,9 %) y tubérculos (52 %), superior que los que incluyen proteínas de origen animal, carnes rojas (44,1 %) y aves (43,6 %), grasas (37,5 %), quesos (37,1 %), pescados (32,3 %) y leche 24 %. En 93,3 % de hogares el ingreso no alcanza para la compra de alimentos, 32,5 % de los entrevistados ingiere 2 o menos comidas al día, 48% considera que su dieta es monótona y deficiente y 72 % de los entrevistados refieren que en promedio perdieron 8,7 kg en el último año. En los hogares venezolanos se observa una tendencia regresiva en la compra de alimentos que integran la cesta semanal entre 2014 y 2016 en cantidad (menos alimentos) y en calidad (menor variedad) debido a la imposibilidad de adquirir los alimentos, situación que está generando mayor inseguridad alimentaria y desnutrición en la población más vulnerable(AU)

The National Survey of Living Conditions (ENCOVI), in its third edition, is a contribution of the Andrés Bello Catholic University, Simón Bolívar University, the Central University of Venezuela and the Bengoa Foundation, to obtain information on some variables related to the Venezuelans standard living conditions. 6413 households were studied in large cities, including Caracas and the main and medium-sized cities, small towns and villages on the country side. The composition of the weekly food basket and feeding pattern was assessed according to the Poverty Line and food habits. Life style, related diseases and weight variation were also evaluated. Corn, rice and wheat flour represent 30 % of the total weekly purchase. Among the first ten foods that households acquire are vegetables (63.9 %) and tubers (52 %), higher than those foods that include proteins of animal origin: red meats (44.1 %) and poultry (43.6 %), fats (37.5 %), cheeses (37.1 %), fish (32.3 %) and milk 24 %. In 93.3 % of households the income was not enough to buy food, 32.5 % of the interviewees eat 2 or less meals a day, 48% report that the diet is monotonous and deficient and 72 % of the subjects stated that on average they lost 8.7 kg during the last year. In Venezuelan households, there is a regressive trend in the purchase of foods that made up the weekly basket between 2014 and 2016 in quantity (less food) and quality (less variety) due to the inability to buy foods, a situation that is promoting food insecurity and malnutrition in the most vulnerable population(AU)

A National Survey of Community-Based Medical Education in Japanese Medical Schools (second report) / 医学教育

Introduction: Recently, community-based medical education has become widespread in Japanese medical schools, but the current status is not clear on a national level. A second survey of community-based medical education at all Japanese medical schools was conducted. The first survey was done in 2011. Methods: Members of the Council made and distributed a questionnaire to medical schools in order to assess the situation of community-based medical education as of April 2014. Results: A total of eighty schools responded. The number of schools which had community medicine programs was seventy-eight. In the first survey, the number was seventy-three. Seventy-seven schools gave community-based clinical clerkships. Discussion: The number of medical schools that had curriculum about community medicine was more than indicated in the first survey. Further research about the contents or implementation system of community-based clerkships is needed.

Improvement in the Survival Rates of Very Low Birth Weight Infants after the Establishment of the Korean Neonatal Network: Comparison between the 2000s and 2010s

The survival rate (SR) of very low birth weight infants (VLBWIs) and extremely low birth weight infants (ELBWIs) is a health indicator of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) outcomes. The Korean Neonatal Network (KNN) was established in 2013, and a system has been launched to manage the registration and quality improvement of VLBWIs. The SR of the VLBWIs significantly increased to 85.7% in the 2010s compared with 83.0% in the 2000s. There was also a significant increase in the SR of the ELBWIs from 66.1% to 70.7%. The equipment, manpower, and assistance systems of NICUs also improved in quantity and quality. In the international comparison of the SRs of VLBWIs, the SRs were 93.8%, 92.2%, 90.2%, 89.4%, 86.4%, 85.1%, and 80.6% in Japan, Australia and New Zealand, Canada, Europe, Korea, Taiwan, and United States, respectively. In conclusion, the SRs of the VLBWIs and ELBWIs improved in the 2010s compared with those in the 2000s in Korea. This improvement is considered to have been related to the role of the KNN built in 2013. However, the latest VLBWI and ELBWI SRs in 2015 are still low compared with those in Japan, Australia and New Zealand, Canada, and Europe. In the future, we must establish and develop the tasks that are presented as future tasks in this review.

Association of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) with Depressive Symptoms in the United States Population and Independent Predictors of Depressive Symptoms in an IBD Population: A NHANES Study

BACKGROUND/AIMS: There is a paucity of population-based studies on the association between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and depression in the U.S. population. We sought to study this association using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. METHODS: We used NHANES data from 2009 to 2010. Our study included 190,269,933 U.S. adults without IBD and 2,325,226 with IBD. We sought to determine whether IBD is an independent risk factor for depressive symptoms (DS) in the U.S. population and studied the independent predictors of DS in IBD population. RESULTS: DS was present in 49% of the IBD population versus 23% of the non-IBD population (p<0.001). During the multivariate analysis, we found that IBD was independently associated with DS in the U.S. population (p=0.002). The independent predictors of DS in the IBD population were older age (p=0.048) and divorced/separated/widowed status (p=0.005). There was nonsignificant increase in suicidal risk in IBD population with DS versus that in non-IBD population with DS (27% vs 12%, respectively, p=0.080). Only 36% of IBD individuals with DS visited mental health professional or psychiatrist within the past year. CONCLUSIONS: IBD is independently associated with DS in the U.S. population. Further research is warranted on risk stratification, screening and management of those with IBD who are at risk of depression.

Violencia por conflicto armado y prevalencias de trastornos del afecto, ansiedad y problemas mentales en la población adulta colombiana

Antecedentes: La violencia en Colombia tiene una historia de más de 50 años. se calcula que entre 1985 y 2012 han fallecido 220.000 colombianos y cerca de 6.000.000 han sido desplazados por la violencia. Objetivo: Describir y comparar las prevalencias de algunos problemas y trastornos mentales en la población adulta colombiana teniendo en cuenta las características del municipio respecto a su historia de violencia o conflicto armado. Métodos: Se utilizaron los resultados de los adultos (mayores de 18 años) sobre algunos problemas y trastornos mentales de la ENSM de 2015, y se clasificaron los municipios según la presencia y la intensidad del conflicto utilizando la clasificación propuesta por la CERAC. Se realizó la medición de trastorno (con el CIDI-CAPI), problemas (con AUDIT, PCL modificado) y consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Resultados: Se entrevistó a 10.870 personas, de las que 5.429 no habían cambiado de residencia. El 21,8% de los municipios sufrían conflicto permanente; el 65,5%, interrumpido, y solamente el 12,7% había sido pacificado o no tenía conflicto. La intensidad del conflicto se reportó alta en el 31,8%. Los municipios violentos presentaban prevalencias más altas de trastornos de ansiedad, depresivos, posible trastorno de estrés postraumático y consumo de cigarrillo. El consumo de alcohol era más frecuente en municipios con menor intensidad del conflicto. Conclusiones: Los municipios clasificados como con altos niveles de violencia presentaban mayor prevalencia de trastornos mentales y de la mayoría de los problemas mentales.

Background: Violence in Colombia has a history of over 50 years. Between 1985 and 2012 an estimated of 220,000 Colombians have died and about 6,000,000 have been displaced by violence. Objective: To describe and compare the prevalence of some problems and mental disorders in the adult population in Colombia, taking into account the characteristics of the municipality, as regards its history of violence or armed conflict. Methods: The results for adults (over 18 years) of some problems and mental disorders were taken from the ENSM-2015. The municipalities were classified according to the presence and intensity of the conflict using the classification proposed by the CERAC. Disorders were measured using CIDI-CAPI, and problems with AUDIT, modified PCL (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist). An estimate was also made of psychoactive substances consumption. Results: A total of 10,870 people were interviewed, of whom 5,429 had not changed residence. There was had permanent conflict in 21.8% of the municipalities, 65.5% had a discontinued conflict, and only 12.7% had been pacified or had no conflict. The intensity of the conflict was reported as high by 31.8% of the people. Violent municipalities have a higher prevalence of anxiety disorders, depression, possible Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and smoking. Alcohol consumption was more common in municipalities with less intense conflict. Conclusions: The municipalities classified as having high levels of violence have a higher prevalence of mental disorders and the majority of the mental problems.

Patrones de compra de alimentos en venezuela utilizando tablas de contingencias de tres vías / Patterns of food purchases in venezuela using contingency tables three-way

Son múltiples y diversas las investigaciones en el área de la nutrición que tienen como principales objetivos, recabar y analizar datos estadísticos sobre la adquisición y consumo de alimentos. Un ejemplo es la Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida de los Venezolanos (ENCOVI), realizada en 2014 por un equipo de investigadores de las universidades Católica Andrés Bello, Simón Bolívar y Central de Venezuela, y la Fundación Bengoa. Se hizo un análisis estadístico de tablas de contingencias de tres vías de la sección de alimentación y nutrición ENCOVI 2014. Las variables fueron patrón de compra (1 a 5), clase socioeconómica (baja, media y alta) y tamaño de ciudad (pequeña, mediana y grande). La estrategia consistió en ir evaluando paso a paso la independencia global, la independencia parcial y la independencia condicional entre estas variables, y posteriormente aplicar un análisis de correspondencias binarias, para explicar las posibles asociaciones. Los patrones de compra están asociados con el nivel socioeconómico y la densidad poblacional de la localidad de residencia de las familias. En la clase baja de ciudades de tamaño intermedio predominó una alta intención de compra de cereales y grasas, con una supresión importante de proteínas provenientes de carnes blancas y rojas, y de lácteos y derivados, y un bajo consumo aparente de frutas, hortalizas y leguminosas. Las clases media y alta no difieren sustancialmente en su intención de compra, mantienen una dieta más o menos balanceada pero con una reducción en la compra de hortalizas, frutas, leguminosa, leche y huevos(AU)

Multiple and diverse research in nutrition field have as the main objective, to collect and to analyze statistical data on the purchase and consumption of food. An example of these studies is the National Standard Living Conditions Survey for Venezuelans (ENCOVI), conducted in 2014 by a team of researchers from the Universidad Católica Andres Bello, Simon Bolivar and Central de Venezuela, and the Bengoa Foundation. This paper presents a statistical analysis of three-way contingency tables in order to analyze the information in the food section of ENCOVI 2014. The studied variables are: purchase pattern (1 to 5), socioeconomic class (low, medium and high) and city size (small, medium and large). The strategy was to go step by step evaluating the overall independence, partial independence and conditional independence between these variables and then apply a binary correspondence analysis to explain the plausible associations. It was found that buying patterns are associated with socioeconomic status and population density of the town of residence of families. The lower class of medium-sized cities showed a high preference of cereal and fat with important lack of animal proteins such as white and red meats, dairy products and low purchase of fruits, vegetables and legumes. The middle and upper classes do not differ substantially in their buying intention, maintaining a better balanced diet, but still a low apparent consumption of vegetables, fruits, legumes, milk and eggs was observed(AU)

Data Analytic Process of a Nationwide Population-Based Study Using National Health Information Database Established by National Health Insurance Service

In 2014, the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) signed a memorandum of understanding with the Korean Diabetes Association to provide limited open access to its databases for investigating the past and current status of diabetes and its management. NHIS databases include the entire Korean population; therefore, it can be used as a population-based nationwide study for various diseases, including diabetes and its complications. This report presents how we established the analytic system of nation-wide population-based studies using the NHIS database as follows: the selection of database study population and its distribution and operational definition of diabetes and patients of currently ongoing collaboration projects.

Development of rapid setting-drying device for herbarium specimens and its application in survey of Chinese materia medica resources in Anhui / 中国中药杂志

Herbarium specimens are the basis for the plant classification and indispensable media in teaching, scientific research and resources investigation. They have also played an important role in identifying and producing traditional Chinese medicine. High-quality herbarium specimens shall meet high requirements for integrity, smoothness, color and fabricating efficiency. Therefore, we designed a rapid setting and drying device for herbarium specimens, which could make the herbarium specimens smooth, colorful and not easy to mildew. In this paper, we pointed out the deficiency of traditional methods in making herbarium specimens, and introduced the structure and working principle of the device. Besides, we also discussed the effect of the device in setting and drying herbarium specimens and its application in the fourth national survey of the Chinese material medica resources (CMMR) in Anhui province. As a result, the device provides new ideas for producing herbarium specimens, with a reasonable design, good uniformity, high efficiency, safety and portability, and so is worthy of promotion and application in the national survey of CMMR.

Radiation Dose from Whole-Body F-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography: Nationwide Survey in Korea

The purpose of this study was to estimate average radiation exposure from 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) examinations and to analyze possible factors affecting the radiation dose. A nation-wide questionnaire survey was conducted involving all institutions that operate PET/CT scanners in Korea. From the response, radiation doses from injected FDG and CT examination were calculated. A total of 105 PET/CT scanners in 73 institutions were included in the analysis (response rate of 62.4%). The average FDG injected activity was 310 +/- 77 MBq and 5.11 +/- 1.19 MBq/kg. The average effective dose from FDG was estimated to be 5.89 +/- 1.46 mSv. The average CT dose index and dose-length product were 4.60 +/- 2.47 mGy and 429.2 +/- 227.6 mGycm, which corresponded to 6.26 +/- 3.06 mSv. The radiation doses from FDG and CT were significantly lower in case of newer scanners than older ones (P < 0.001). Advanced PET technologies such as time-of-flight acquisition and point-spread function recovery were also related to low radiation dose (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the average radiation dose from FDG PET/CT is estimated to be 12.2 mSv. The radiation dose from FDG PET/CT is reduced with more recent scanners equipped with image-enhancing algorithms.

La alimentación y nutrición de los venezolanos: encuesta nacional de condiciones de vida 2014 / Food and nutrition of Venezuelans: The national standard living condition survey 2014

Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida 2014 (ENCOVI-2014), realizada por la Universidad Católica Andrés Bello (UCAB), Universidad Simón Bolívar (USB), Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV) y la Fundación Bengoa (FB), tiene como objetivo contribuir con información de algunos factores que inciden en la alimentación y nutrición de los venezolanos. Encuesta estructurada, cualitativa, muestra 1459 representantes de los hogares, muestreo estratificado, aleatorio por cuotas, estudio transversal descriptivo. Las harinas (maíz y trigo), grasas visibles y azúcar concentraron 42,9 % de la compra semanal de alimentos, varió entre 45,4 y 40,3% en niveles bajo y alto, hubo diferencias en calidad y tipos de alimentos. Los pobres compran alimentos calóricamente más densos, más baratos, subsidiados en las redes públicas de distribución. La leche, lácteos y leguminosas están disminuidos en todos, el huevo desapareció en los hogares pobres y los vegetales y frutas, sólo aparecen en el nivel alto. El 11,3% comen sólo dos o menos veces al día, de estos, 39% son pobres. Alimentar a la familia genera estrés, 80% en general y 88,7% de los más pobres, perciben que sus ingresos no alcanzan para la compra semanal. Factores protectores de enfermedades crónicas, alimentación equilibrada y variada, frutas y vegetales, tres comidas al día y actividad física moderada e intensa, están presentes sólo en el estrato alto. Los encuestados reconocen enfermedades básicamente infecciosas gastrointestinales como las asociadas al consumo de alimentos. Cada vez más, políticas erradas, han provocado la falta de alimentos indispensables en la dieta tradicional venezolana, hecho que incita, situaciones de violencia alimentaria, desnutrición, malnutrición y hambre, alta vulnerabilidad social, inseguridad alimentaria y violación al derecho a una alimentación saludable, prevista en la Constitución Nacional.(AU)

The National Standard Living Conditions Survey (ENCOVI-2014) was conducted by the Catholic University Andres Bello (UCAB), Simon Bolivar University (USB), Central University of Venezuela (UCV) and Bengoa Foundation (FB), and aims to contribute with information on some factors affecting food and nutrition of Venezuelans. A structured survey, qualitative was performed in 1459 representatives of households.This is a descriptive cross sectional study with Stratified sampling, and random quota. Flour (corn and wheat), visible fat and sugar concentrated 42.9% of the weekly grocery shopping, which varied between 45.4 and 40.3% from low and high socioeconomic levels, and showed differences in quality and types of food. The poorest buy, cheaper, dense foods at subsidized public distribution networks. The intention of buying milk, dairy products and legumes is decreased in SES, eggs disappeared from poor households and the vegetables and fruits appear only on the high SES level. 11.3% of the sample eat only two or fewer times a day, of these, 39% are poor. Feeding the family is stresfull, 80% overall and 88.7% of the poorest perceive that their income is not enough for the weekly shopping. Protective factors for chronic diseases, balanced and varied diet, fruits and vegetables, consumption, having three meals a day and doing moderate to intense physical activity, are present only in the upper SES. Gastrointestinal infectious diseases appear as the major diseases associated to food consumption. Misguided policies have caused the lack of essential food in the traditional Venezuelan diet, a fact that promotes a situation of food violence, undernutrition, malnutrition and hunger, high social vulnerability, food insecurity and violation of the right to a healthy diet. established in the National Constitution(AU)